The Human Body, A Biological Organization Of Physiological...

Introduction The human body, a biological organization of physiological cascades, is surprisingly fragile but yet highly adaptable to withstand the varying challenges encountered in the lifetime of an individual. From chronic illnesses to acute and rapidly changing events, the integrated cooperation between human organ systems can dramatically influence the potential outcomes of a patient. It is multiple deployments of singular compensatory mechanisms in response to abnormal changes that provides this infinite flexibility. While this continuous flexibility is illustrated in lifestyle diseases such as hypertension and diabetes, its role in acute attention-demanding events are remarkable. An example of such an attention-demanding occurrence†¦show more content†¦Hemothoraxes, however, have also been documented to occur in cases of improper needle chest decompression or catheter insertion, complication following thoracic surgery and various blood disorders. Cases of hemothoraxes have occurred in a range of ages from neonatal to geriatric, however, clinical indications are often universal and only require simple imagery equipment in order to precisely identify. While hemothoraxes are uncommon events in comparison to pneumothoraxes and the presentation of some clinical signs and symptoms are similar. Clinical signs of tracheal deviation oppose to the affected side and decrease auscultation of inferior lung sounds can indicate a medical practitioner toward a pleural effusion but does not differentiate between hemothorax and pneumothorax. The use of computed tomography and sonography, however, are the simplest and most accurate methods to rapidly access the condition as the pooling of blood within the pulmonary cavity is a distant contrast from normal. The physiological stresses of hemothorax compared to pneunothorax on the human body differs greatly for the cardiovascular system while is near identical for the respiratory system. Cardiovascular System The complex cascades of cardiovascular events are directly linked to the serve internal hemorrhaging of

A Letter Of Termination And On The Birth Announcement Of A...

Helvetica is all around us and it’s like oxygen, you have no choice but to take it in. . The appeal for a clean, professional, and timeless typeface is undeniable. From Fortune 500 logos, to local street signs, Helvetica holds the spot for most widely used font choice to designers and amateur designers alike. What made Helvetica so popular and, why, over 50 years later, does it still retain its popularity? Why does Helvetica work equally effective for both a letter of termination and on the birth announcement of a child? Typography which is the arrangement and interaction of letters on a page is influenced by culture, history, and technology. By exploring these three aspects in relation to Helvetica one will be able to get a better†¦show more content†¦The foundations of the International Typographic Style can be traced to two art schools, the Zurich School of the Applied Arts and the School of Design in Basel, who taught a curriculum in which form follows function. The 1950s saw a boom of the International style when it was epitomized with the creation of several new san-serif type families. The geometric fonts on the 1920s and 30s was rejected in favor of designs inspired by Akzidenz Grotesk fonts. Two fonts would soon take the world by storm. In 1954 a Swiss designer working in Paris by the name of Adrian Frutiger created a family of 21 san-serif fonts which he named, Univers. At the same time, back in Switzerland Edouard Hoffman of the Haas type foundry in Switzerland felt that the Akzidenz Grtotesk fonts should be refined and upgraded. Hoffman had been waiting for the right moment to release a new typeface and in 1956 he contacted Max Miedinger, who had worked with him at Haas and had since branched out as a freelance consultant and designer to help create the new typeface for Haas. Hamburgers. No, not the food, the word. Miedinger began to create a new typeface by working out the letters in the word, hamburgers, a word that includes all st ylistic variations of letters. First working on pencil and paper and then creating photographic reproductions Miedinger set out to create

PHI †Employee Health Information Free Essays

Employees of an organization should expect for their health information to remain private. Just as the government has found it necessary to create laws to protect employees from discrimination, they have had to create laws to safeguard an employee’s protected health information (PHI). These laws include: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHAct). We will write a custom essay sample on PHI – Employee Health Information or any similar topic only for you Order Now While each law explicitly protects employee health information, it also allows employers to use certain PHI to meet certain requirements of each law and to ensure the safety of employees. What is Protected Health Information? What is protected health information? According to Davis and Salver-Malyska, protected health information is defined as individually identified health information transmitted electronically or maintained or stored on any electronic media (2003, p. 31-32). In the United States the HIPAA Privacy Rule allows employers if acting as Plan Administrator to obtain certain PHI. There is no way around this, because the administrator must ask the employee’s doctor to complete certifications and provide back the employers. Companies that have an HMO and also have Workman Compensation, Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA), Short-term and Long term Disability plans will require the doctor or the employee to provide medical certifications that support the need for the employee to be on leave or restricted duty. Under the FMLA, companies are required to also get PHI for an employee’s family member is the leave is requested to take care of a sick or injured family member. Other types of PHI collected by employers include, pre-employee physical information, drug testing prior to employment and random testing. This information is required as part of the hiring process or company liability coverage depending on the nature of the business or job. According to Cascio, the employer is required to indicate if a leave is FMLA and the reason for the leave (2010, p. 9). Ethical and Trust Issues At issue with each type of PHI collected or reviewed there is the potential of the employee’s privacy being compromised? If companies to not set standard, required policies and procedures for those employees requesting and handling the PHI, then there could be major breaches. Once the breach as occurred, an employee’s trust is eroded. Managers and supervisors should be provided training, as most of the information for Workman Comp, FMLA or STD claims is already provided to the employee’s management. But even still, employers cannot directly ask health care providers the nature of an employee’s situation unless the employee has provided or agreed to release the information. According to Colquitt, Lepine and Wesson, trust by an employee is their implied and explicit agreement to allow themselves to be vulnerable to a trustee (2009, p. 219). Just the thought of PHI being made accessible to individuals who may not be trustworthy creates considerable distress by the employee. An example, of distressed trust, would be an employee who is HIV positive, who is required to take a pre-employment physical. While in theory and supposed practice, an employer is not to request a pre-employment physical until after the offer I made. Nonetheless the employee would still have feelings of reluctance to allow the testing just to get a job. Another example includes the employee who is covered by the ADA, where a company must make reasonable accommodations for the employee’s disability. Which means management and HR must ask the question and place into service, the items or accommodations they employee need to meet the projected expectations. In January 2009, the Bush administration published updated FMLA regulations. One key section clarifies the rules regarding who may request additional information about an employee’s FMLA certification—and how it should be sought†. Recommendations In my experience as a manger, I refrain from asking employees PHI regarding them or their families. When you have employees who have small children, elderly parents and a disabled spouse, managers must ensure that they never ask an employee â€Å"what is wrong†? Not only should HR provide training on basic requirements for Workman Comp and HIPAA. Each manager must put safeguards in place to ensure employee records are not compromised. My company has established a process that removes the need to certify or review medical information for return to work instances. Employees submit items directly to an HR professional and not to the manager or supervisor. By doing this it removes the possibility of deliberate or unconscious violation of the employee’s privacy rights. References Colquitt, J. A., Lepine, J. A., Wesson, M. J. (2009). Organizational Behavior;Improving Performance and Committment in the Workplace. New York: McGraw Hill. Cascio, W. F. (2010). Managing Human Resources: Productivity, Quality of Work Life, Profits. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Davis, V., Silver-Malyska, T. (2003). Employers Liability for Use and Disclosure of Individual Health Information: HIPAA Privacy and Employer Functions. Benefits Law Journal, 16(2), 29-46. How to cite PHI – Employee Health Information, Papers

Ideal type bureacracy free essay sample

A bureaucracy is a body of nonelective government officials and/or an administrative policy-making group.Historically, bureaucracy referred to government administration managed by departments staffed with non elected officials. In modern parlance, bureaucracy refers to the administrative system governing any large institution. The elimination of unnecessary bureaucracy is a key concept in modern managerial theory, and has been a central issue in numerous political campaigns. Others have defended the existence of bureaucracies. The German sociologist Max Weber argued that bureaucracy constitutes the most efficient and rational way in which human activity can be organized, and that systematic processes and organized hierarchies were necessary to maintain order, maximize efficiency and eliminate favoritism. But even Weber saw bureaucracy as a threat to individual freedom, in which the increasing bureaucratization of human life traps individuals in an iron cage of rule-based, rational control. Max Weber The German sociologist Max Weber described many ideal-typical forms of public administration, government,and business in his 1922 work Economy and Society. We will write a custom essay sample on Ideal type bureacracy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His critical study of the bureaucratisation of society became one of the most enduring parts of his work. It was Weber who began the studies of bureaucracy and whose works led to the popularization of this term. Many aspects of modern public administration go back to him, and a classic, hierarchically organized civil service of the Continental type is called Weberian civil service. As the most efficient and rational way of organizing, bureaucratization for Weber was the key part of the rational-legal authority, and furthermore, he saw it as the key process in the ongoing rationalization of the Western society. Although he is not necessarily a fan of bureaucracy, Weber does argue that bureaucracy constitutes the most efficient and (formally) rational way in which human activity can be organized, and that thus is indispensable to the modern world. Bureaucratic administration means fundamentally domination through knowledge Max Weber Weber listed several precondititions for the emergence of bureaucracy. The growth in space and population being administered, the growth in complexity of the administrative tasks being carried out, and the existence of a monetary economy requiring a more efficient administrative system. Development of communication and transportation technologies make more efficient administration possible but also in popular demand, and democratization and rationalization of culture resulted in demands that the new system treats everybody equally. Webers ideal-typical bureaucracy is characterized by hierarchical organization, delineated lines of authority in a fixed area of activity, action taken on the basis of and recorded in written rules, bureaucratic officials need expert training, rules are implemented by neutral officials, career advancement depends on technical qualifications judged by organization, not individuals While recognizing bureaucracy as the most efficient form of organization, and even indispensable for the modern state, Weber also saw it as a threat to individual freedoms, and the ongoing bureaucratization as leading to a polar night of icy darkness, in which increasing rationalization of human life traps individuals in a soulless iron cage of bureaucratic, rule-based, rational control. The ideal model of bureaucracy of Max Weber contains six components. These components are: 1) A formal structure. 2) Managed by rules. 3) Functional organization. 4) A focused mission. 5) All relationships are impersonal. 6) Employment based upon qualifications. Max Weber was the first to endorse bureaucracy as a necessary feature of modernity, and by the late 19th century bureaucratic forms had begun their spread from government to other large-scale institutions. The trend toward increased bureaucratization continued in the 20th century, and, in the modern era, practically all organized institutions rely on bureaucracy to organize tasks.

Research Paper Fusarium Wilt on Abaca Essay Example

Research Paper Fusarium Wilt on Abaca Paper Induction of Resistance in Abaca Against Wilt Disease Complex caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (E. F. Smith) and Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et. al. Using Chemical and Biological Elicitors Abstract Resistance in plants has been reported to be inducible using biological and or chemical elicitors. Fusarium wilt and bacterial wilt diseases are two major diseases hampering abaca production in the Philippines. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of biological and chemical eliciors of resistance to control wilt disease complex in abaca caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ubense (FOC) and Ralstonia solanacearum. Suspected biological elicitors (Fomes and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae or Xoo) and known chemical elicitors (Asprin or Acetyl Salicylic acid and Boost) were sprayed to the abaca tissue cultured seedlings at 15 days interval together with water and Nordox (fungicide with bactericidal activity) as checks. The sprayed seedlings were challenged by s imultaneous inoculation with FOC and Ralstonia solanacearum. The parameters used to compare the treatments were: percent infected plants, disease severity rating, percent area of vascular discoloration and number of remaining live plants. Results show that Boost and Fomes resulted to an effective control of the wilt disease complex which were comparable or even better compared to Nordox, the fungicide check. Xoo and Acetyl Salicylic Acid on the other hand produced higher disease compared to the control. This study has demonstrated the potential of Fomes and Boost as biological and chemical elicitors of resistance, respectively in abaca which protected it from wilt disease complex. Keywords: Abaca, SAR, chemical elicitors, biological elicitors, Fusarium wilt, Bacterial wilt - Student Researcher, VSU 2 Associate Professor, DPM, VSU and Research Adviser INTRODUCTION Abaca (Musa textilis Nee) is indigenous to the Philippines, and is one of the major dollar earners of our country. Abaca plant has many slender stalks, upright and pointed leaves. It is harvested for its strong but flexible fiber usually called as Manila hemp used for making twines, ropes, cordage, pulp and specialty papers, fiber crafts, textile and fabrics. It is also one of the few cash crops that can grow with relatively little input compared to the other crops (FIDA, 2007). We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper Fusarium Wilt on Abaca specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper Fusarium Wilt on Abaca specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper Fusarium Wilt on Abaca specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Abaca has a high market potential but its production has been limited due to the occurrence of diseases, such as bunchy top, bacterial wilt and fusarium wilt which have taken their toll on many abaca farms. This devastation caused by viruses, bacterial wilt and fusarium wilt in abaca aggravates the farmers’ production problems. Fusarium wilt disease is caused Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (E. F. Smith) Snyd. And Hans. which is also referred to as Agent Green. This fungus does so by colonizing the water-conducting vessels (xylem) of the abaca plant resulting for a blockage and breakdown of xylem. Yellowing of the leaves, followed by drying and wilting and eventually plant death are the external symptoms of the disease. Most affected plants have discolored vascular bundles and eventually die before maturity thus, forcing the farmers to harvest the abaca plant prematurely. Another equally important disease is the bacterial wilt disease. Bacterial wilt is caused by the bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al. , 1995). The early symptoms of this disease include rusty brown streaks in the leaves which later turn blighted and water soaked and finally wilting of the whole plant. The internal symptoms are the vascular discoloration, water soaking and finally the rotting of pseudo- stem. Fusarium wilt and bacterial wilt may occur singly or together as a complex in the field and had contributed much to the devastation of abaca in major growing areas in the Philippines. Host plant resistance is the most effective means of controlling wilt diseases. But the development of a resistant plant however takes time, effort and many resources. Resistance in plants however can be induced using chemical and biological elicitors. Several studies have shown that certain chemicals can induce the resistance of plants and some of which are boost and salicylic acid. Boost is a novel synthetic chemical, benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-8-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) was intially shown to induce acquired resistance in wheat (Gorlach, et al, 1996) and which is produced by Novartis and distributed in the Philippines by Syngenta. Aspirin or acetyl salicylic acid was also found to induce resistance in some plants (Gleason, 1999; Owen, 1996). Salicylic acid (SA) has been reported to be elevated on plants that exhibit SAR for example in cucumber (Metraux, et al, 1990), tobacco (Malamy, et al, 1990), and Arabidopsis (Uknes, et al, 1993). There are evidences that suggest that SA plays an important role in the transduction pathway leading to SAR. Recent studies however indicate that SA is not likely to be the systematically transmitted signal (Vernooij, et al, 1994). ] There are also biotic elicitors that have been reported to elicit resistance in plants which includes chitin and chitosan. Chitin is a safe material and was reported to induce resistance against soil-borne diseases ((Kuchitsu, et al, 1993). Moreover, chitin was reported to be used as soil fertilizer. Chitosan which can be extracted from chitin has anti-fungal activity against many plant pathogens (Herano, et al, 1990; El-mougy, et al, 2002). Moreover, chitosan is also reported to induce resistance against soil-borne fungi. Chitosan was also found to have anti-bacterial property and is capable of inducing resistance to the bacterial blight disease of rice cause Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Modina, 2007). Boost is a novel synthetic chemical, benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-8-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) was intially shown to induce acquired resistance in wheat (Gorlach, et al, 1996) and which is produced by Novartis and distributed in the Philippines by Syngenta. Aspirin or acetyl salicylic acid was also found to induce resistance in some plants (Gleason, 1999; Owen, 1996). Salicylic acid (SA) has been reported to be elevated on plants that exhibit SAR for example in cucumber (Metraux, et al, 1990), tobacco (Malamy, et al, 1990), and Arabidopsis (Uknes, et al, 1993). There are evidences that suggest that SA lays an important role in the transduction pathway leading to SAR. Recent studies however indicate that SA is not likely to be the systematically transmitted signal (Vernooij, et al, 1994). ] This study therefore aimed to compare and contrast the efficacy of suspected elicitors of resistance in controlling the wilt disease complex in abaca. The efficacy of potential biological a nd chemical elicitors of systemic acquired resistance to control wilt disease complex of abaca caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense and Ralstonia solanacearum was also evaluated. METHODOLOGY Preparation and Sterilization of Culture Media Potato dextrose agar (PDA) for the culture of FOC was prepared by dissolving 39 grams dehydrated PDA to 1 liter dH2O in a double boiler and cooked until the agar dissolves in H2O. It was dispensed to 250 ml Erlenmeyer Flasks and test tubes. Nutrient agar for the culture of Ralstonia solanacearum was prepared by dissolving 3g beef extract, 5 grams peptone and 17g agar to 1 liter dH2O in a double boiler and cooked until agar dissolves in H2O. It was dispensed to 250 Erlenmeyer Flasks and test tubes. The media were sterilized in a pressure cooker at 15 lbs/in2 pressure or 121 °C temperature for 15 minutes. Sterile media were allowed to cool. PDA and NA in tubes were slanted and stored in the refrigerator until use. Collection, Isolation and Culture of FOC Isolation plates were prepared by melting the stored PDA in flasks, pouring into sterile Petri plates and allowed to solidify. Fusarium wilt– infected abaca was collected from the National Abaca Research Center and it was brought to the Plant Disease Diagnostic Laboratory for isolation of the pathogen. Infected tissues from the advancing portion of the disease were disinfected with 1% sodium hypochlorite and were planted onto solidified PDA in plates (4 sections per plate). After 2 or more days, mycelia that have radiated from the planted abaca tissue were cut aseptically using flamed sterilized flattened needle and were transferred to PDA slants where they were stored and maintained until use. Collection, Isolation and Culture of Ralstonia solanacearum Nutrient agar in flasks were melted and aseptically poured to Petri plates. The medium were allowed to solidify. The bacterial wilt pathogen, R. solanacaerum was isolated from a banana fruit infected with â€Å"Bugtok† disease. Infected tissues from the advancing portion of the disease were cut, disinfected with 1% hypochlorite and reused with sterile H20. The sections were then placed in sterile water in a test tube and allowed to stand for 10 minutes to allow the bacteria to ooze out of the tissue. A loopful of the resulting bacterial suspension was streaked onto the solidified NA on plates and incubated. After 2 days individual colonies were picked with sterile wire loop and transferred to NA slants to purify. The cultures were incubated for 2 days and stored in the refrigerator for future use. Procurement and Preparation of Test Plants Four weeks old tissue cultured abaca plantlets were procured from National Abaca Research Center (NARC). They were maintained in the vicinity of the Department of Pest Management and were given necessary care and maintenance such as watering, weeding, and fertilization. The plants were numbered and tagged according to the desired treatments. In numbering and tagging the plants, we gave them equal chances in belonging to a group. We did this through the drawn by lot method. Thus, we have used the technique randomization in giving names to the plants. Preparation and Application of Treatments The plants were sprayed with the different treatments (Fig. 1) at 15 days interval starting when the plants were 6 weeks old. Treatments| Illustration| T0 (Water)| | T1 (Fomes at 100ppm)| | T2 (Attenuated Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae)| | T3 (Aspirin or Acetyl Salicylic Acid at 100ppm)| | T4 (Boost at 100ppm)| | T5 (Nordox at 100ppm)| | Fig. 1. The different treatments used Fomes was prepared by oven drying (50? C for 3 days) and by pulverizing using mortar and pestle. After pulverizing, 0. 75g was obtained and was mixed with 750ml H20 to make a 100 ppm suspension. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) was prepared by transferring an isolate of Xoo (courtesy of PDDL at VSU) in NA slants 2 days before its scheduled time of application. On the application time, 10ml sterile H20 was poured on the test tube slants and the bacteria were scraped using a wire loop without causing damage to the medium. Ten slants were used and the solution was diluted into a beaker to make 100 ml suspension. An approximately 650 ml H20 was added to have a total of 750 ml suspension. The suspension was heated for 5 minutes to attenuate the bacterium. Aspirin or Acetyl Salicylic Acid was prepared by making a stock solution. A tablet of aspirin was diluted to 1L H20 to make a 300 ppm suspension. Then, a volume of 37. 5ml was measured out from the stock and was added to 712. ml H20 to make a 100 ppm suspension. Boost was obtained from Syngenta Philippines. Two ml Boost was diluted and mixed to 1998 ml H20 to make a 2000 ppm suspension. A volume of 37. 5 ml was obtained out from the stock and was added to 712. 5 ml H20 to make a 100 ppm suspension. Nordox, copper-based fungicide with bactericidal activity was used as the positive check at the manufacturer’s recommended rate. It was prepared by weighing 1. 9g of Nordox and by mixing it thoroughly to 750 ml H2O. After preparing, the treatments were sprayed to the plants using a sprayit gun powered by an electric compressor starting from Water down to Nordox. Each plant equally received 50ml of the said treatments (Fig. 2). The experiment was laid in a Completely Randomized Design. The six treatments were replicated 3 times and 5 plantlets constituted one replicate making a total of 90 plantlets needed for the experiment. Two consecutive spray applications of the treatments at 15 days interval were done before pathogen inoculation and sprayings were done until the last disease scoring. Fig. 2 Application of treatments to the plants Preparation of FOC Inoculum The pure cultures were first examined under the microscope to confirm the presence of real FOC pathogen (Fig. ) before they were mass cultured for inoculation. FOC that was used for inoculation to test plants was cultured and mass produced in corn meal-sand medium (CMS) which was prepared by mixing 1 part ground corn every 20 parts of sand. The mixture was placed in glass jars about 2/3 full and moistened and covered with aluminum foil then bound with rubber band at rim (Fig 4). They were sterilized at 15 lbs/in2 pressure and 121 °C temperature for 1 hour. Pure culture of FOC from the PDA slant were aseptically seeded into the prepared CMS medium and incubated at room temperature until completely colonized by the fungus. Fig 3. Photomicrograph of FOC macroconidia and microconidia Fig 4. Corn meal-sand medium with FOC Inoculation of FOC CMS cultures of FOC were first mixed thoroughly on a tray to assure even distribution of the fungal spores to the CMS medium before inoculation. FOC was inoculated into the soil of each potted plant by incorporating 1 tbsp of the inoculum near the base of the abaca plantlet and covering the inoculum with soil. Inoculation was done 2 days after the second spraying of the different treatments. Preparation of Ralstonia solanacearum, the bacterial wilt pathogen Bacterial wilt pathogen was transferred to fresh NA slants. Two days after the isolation, each NA culture was mixed with 10ml dH2O and the pathogen was scraped using a wire loop without causing damage to the medium. Overall, 120ml of the bacterial suspension was used. One ml was injected to the stem of each plant. Bacterial Inoculation was done 12 days after FOC inoculation. Data Gathered The following data were gathered: A. Initial and Final Plant Height – This was gathered per plant basis before the application of treatments and inoculation of the pathogen and during the termination of the study. B. Percent infection – (No. of plants showing foliage yellowing or wilting / Total No. of plants) x 100 starting 1 week after inoculation and weekly until most of the plants have died in any of the treatments. C. Visual Disease Severity Rating – This was gathered using a devised scale below: We gathered this data at 1 week interval until the termination of the study. Rating| Description| 0| No wilting| 1| Slight yellowing of lower leaves| 2| Yellowing of most leaves but no dried leaves yet| 3| Extensive yellowing and moderate wilting| 4| Extensive wilting but plant still alive| | Plant totally dead| D. Percent Area of Vascular Discoloration – This was taken during the termination of the study wherein all the plants were uprooted and the pseudostems were sliced longitudinally (Fig 5). Each plant was rated using the following scale (Borines et al. 2007) Rating | Description| 0-1| No discoloration| 1-2| Isolated points of vascular discoloration| 2. 1-3| Discoloratio n up to 1/3 of vascular tissue| 3. 1-4| Discoloration between 1/3 – 2/3 of vascular tissue| 4. 1-5| Discoloration greater than 2/3 of vascular tissue| 5. -6| Total discoloration of vascular tissue| Fig. 5 Slicing of pseudostem longitudinally E. No. of surviving plants per replicate per treatment. (Gathered at the termination of the experiment. ) Data gathered were analyzed using simple CRD with three replications. Treatments were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range Tests (DMRT). 9) Disposal of Inoculated Plants After the experiment, the inoculated plants were exposed to direct sunlight and burned when dried. RESULTS and DISCUSSION Table 1 shows the percent infected plants at 14, 21, and 28 days after inoculation. Based on the results, Boost produced significantly lower percentage infected plants compared to the control especially at 14 days after inoculation. At 21 and 28 days after inoculation, Boost still produced lower disease incidence although not statistically different from the control. Fomes, Boost and Nordox also showed lesser disease incidence values although not significantly different from the control. Table 1. Percent infected plants at 14, 21 and 28 days after inoculation Treatment| Percent Infected Plants| Days After Inoculation| 14 days| 21 days| 28 days| T0 (Control)| 73. 3 ab| 93. 33| 100| T1 (Fomes)| 66. 67 ab| 73. 33| 73. 33| T2 (Xoo)| 100. 00 a| 100. 00| 100| T3 (Aspirin)| 73. 33 ab| 100. 00| 100| T4 (Boost)| 26. 67 c| 60. 00| 80| T5 (Nordox)| 53. 33 bc| 66. 67| 83. 33| CV(%)| 26. 91| 26. 27| 21. 60| Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% DMRT. Another parameter used to measure the effect of the treatments was the mean disease severity rat ing per plant (Table 2). Based on this parameter, Boost, Nordox and Fomes have lower means of disease severity compared to the Control especially at 21 days after inoculation. Xoo and Acetyl Salicylic Acid on the other hand have significantly higher means compared to Water. Thus the two treatments have even triggered the increase in wilt disease severity ratings of the plants. Table 2. Mean wilt severity rating per plant as affected by the different treatments Treatment| Mean Disease Severity Rating| Days After Inoculation| 14 days| 21 days| 28 days| T0 (Control)| 0. 93 c| 2. 47 ab| 3. 13 ab| T1 (Fomes)| 0. 80 c| 1. 53 bc| 2. 27 b| T2 (Xoo)| 2. 87 a| 3. 45 a| 3. 92 ab| T3 (Aspirin. )| 2. 07 b| 3. 20 a| 4. 33 a| T4 (Boost)| 0. 40 c | 1. 27 c| 2. 3 b| T5 (Nordox)| 0. 73 c| 1. 07 c| 2. 47 b| CV (%)| 27. 6| 25. 7| 27. 6| Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% DMRT. The percent area of vascular discoloration per plant is shown in Table 3. This was gathered upon termination of the study. All plants were uprooted and the pseudostems were sliced longitudinally. This actually shows the internal manifestations of disease and effects of the treatments to the plants. Based on statistical analysis, Boost still consistently showed lesser percent area of vascular discoloration compared to Water (Fig. ) which further confirm its effectiveness in controlling the wilt disease complex. Fomes and Nordox also showed much lower percent area of vascular discoloration compared to control, Xoo and Aspirin. Table No. 3 Percent Area of Vascular Discoloration Treatment| Percent area of vascular discoloration| No. of Live Plants Remaining| T0 (Control)| 55. 27 ab| 3. 00 ab| T1 (Fomes)| 38. 47 b | 3. 33 ab| T2 (Xoo)| 79. 27 a| 2. 00 bc| T3 (Aspirin)| 80. 27 a| 1. 33 c| T4 (Boost)| 37. 67 b| 4. 00 a| T5 (Nordox)| 38. 47 ab| 3. 33 ab| CV (%)| 31. 37| 52. 18| Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% DMRT Fig. 6 Internal Vascular Discoloration of Plants (left-right) Control, Fomes, Xoo, Salicylic Acid, Boost, Nordox The number of live plants remaining was also gathered during the termination of the study and shown in Table 3. Boost, had the highest average number of remaining live plants followed by Fomes and Nordox. Aspirin had the lowest no. of live plants or highest mortality which was even higher than that of water (Fig. 8d, p. 24). The height of abaca plants is shown in Fig. 7. Based on the graph, the plants sprayed with Boost and Nordox have higher plant height compared to Conrol, Xoo, Fomes, and Aspirin. Among the parameters used to measure the effects of the different treatments, the mean disease severity rating on a per plant basis and mean percent area of vascular discoloration were able to differentiate more the effect of the different treatments and were considered more reliable compared to the rest of the parameters used. Fig. 7 Height of Abaca Plants at the start of the experiment, at 7, 14, 21 days and the final height before the termination of the study b c d ef Fig. 8. Group of abaca plants treated with a) water, b) Fomes, c) Xoo, d) Aspirin, e) Boost and f) Nordox. Boost is a commercially available elicitor of resistance in plants and it was found very effective in controlling the wilt disease complex in abaca. Boost, however is a little expensive, one spray cost P0. 65. Nordox is a commercial fungicide with bactericidal activity and it has als o reduced the wilt disease incidence and severity. This is a little cheaper (P0. 45) compared to Boost. A cost-effective control for the wilt disease complex was Fomes. It was able also to reduce disease incidence and severity. Although not as effective as Boost but, no cost has been incurred, except for the labor in gathering, drying and pulverizing. The use of Fomes as a biological elicitor of resistance in abaca to control wilt disease complex has been explored in this research. Most probably, being a fungus, the chitin in Fomes could be the elicitor of resistance. Kutchitsu et al (1993) reported that chitin induced resistance of plants. The active component of Fomes, that could elicit resistance in plants could be isolated in future research endeavor. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Boost (chemical elicitor) and Fomes (potential biological elicitor and Nordox (fungicide with bactericidal activity), were able to effectively control the fusarium wilt and bacterial wilt disease complex of abaca. Xoo and Aspirin were not able to control the disease but instead has aggravated the wilting of the plants. A follow-up study maybe conducted to re-evaluate the same elicitors for their effect on either fusarium wilt or bacterial wilt alone. Likewise, a study maybe conducted to further evaluate the potential of Fomes as biological elicitors of resistance to other diseases of abaca or to other plant diseases. Furthermore, several other indigenously occurring biological elicitors of resistance may be evaluated against the wilt diseases of abaca. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, we would like to extend our gratitude to all the people behind the success of this study. We would like to thank our adviser, Dr. Lucia Borines for sharing to us her knowledge, skills effort and even her time though with a hectic schedule. To Ms. Christine Advincula, Ms. Victoria Palermo and Ms. Robleyn Piamonte, thank you so much for patiently guiding and helping us everytime we need assistance especially when our adviser is on travel. Thank you also to Mr. George Valenzona, for the analysis of our data, and Mr. Marlon Tambis and Mr. Victor Calunangan for the computer assistance. In addition, our heartfelt thanks is extended to our loving parents who supported us in our financial needs and for enlightening our faith that we could be able to finish this research on time. No words indeed can express how much we owe you this success. REFERENCES 1) BASTASA, G. N. and A. A. BALIAD. 2005. Biological control of fusarium wilt of abaca (Fusarium oxysporum) with Trichoderma and Yeast. http://cropscience Philippines. blogspot. om/2006/032005-vol30-no-2-v30n02p01-02. html 2) BORINES, L. M. 2008. Efficacy of chemical activators of systemic acquired resistance for the control of bacterial blight and diseases of rice. Paper presented during the 2008 RD Regional Conference held at Baybayon ni Agalon, Albuera Leyte, June 17-18, 2008. 3) BORINES, L. M. SALAMAT, E. E. CARDINES, R. B. 2007. Reaction of abaca (Musa textiles Nee) access ions and varieties to Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. (E. F. Smith) Snyd. And Hanns. Annals of Tropical Research. Volume 29 (No. 1). 4) EL-MOUGY, N. S. , R. ABB-L-KAREEM and M. A. ABB-ALLA. 2002. Postharvest Diseases Control: Preventive Effect of Chitosan and Bioagents Against Green and Gray Moulds of Apple Fruits. Egypt. J. Phytopathol. , 30: 99-113. 5) FIDA. 2007. http://fida. da. gov. ph/Abaca6. html/ 6) GLEASON, M. 1999. Sick Plants take aspirin. http://www. extension. iastate. edu/newsrel/1999/jan99/jan9901. htm 7) GORLACH, J. , S. VOLRATH, G. KNAUF-BEITER, G. HENGY, and U, BECKHOVE, K. H. KOGEN M. OOSTENDORP, T. STAUB, E. WARD and H. KESSMANN. 1996. Benzothiadiazole, a novel class of inducers of systematic acquired resistance, activates gene expression and disease resistance in wheat. Plant Cell 8:629-643. 8) HERANO, S. , C. ITAKURA, H. SEINO, Y. AKIYAMA,I. NOTATA, N. KANBARA and N. KAWAKAMI. (1990). Chitosan as an Ingredient for Domestic Animal Feeds. J. Agric. Food Chem. , 38:1214-1217. 9) KUTCHITSU, K. , M. KIKUYAMA and N. SHIBUYA. 1993. N-acetylchito-oligosaccharides, Biotic Elicitor for Phytoalexin Production, Induced Transient Membrane Depolarization in Suspension-Cultured Rice Cells. Protoplasma. 174:79-81. 10) MALAMY, J. , CARR, J. P. , KLESSIG, D. F. , and RASKIN, I. (1990). Salicylic Acid: A Likely Endogenous Signal in the Resistance Response of Tobacco to Viral Infection. Science 250,1002-1004. 11) METRAUX, J. -P. , SIGNER, H. , RYALS, J. , WARD, E. , WYSS-BENZ, M. , GAUDIN. J. , RASCHDORF, K. , SCHMID, E. , BLUM, W. ,and INVERARDI, B. (1990). Increase in Salicylic Acid at the Onset of Systemic Acquired Resistance in Cucumber. Science 250, 1004-1006. 12) MODINA, IVY M. 2007. Antimicrobial Property of Chitosan and Induction of Systemic Acquired Resistance for the control of Rice Bacterial Blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Swings et al. ). B. S. Thesis, Visayas State University, Visca, Baybay City, Leyte. 38pp. 13) OWEN, M. 1996. Plants feeling under Weather? Give them Aspirin Water. http://www. plantea. com/plant-aspirin. htm 14) UKNES, S. , WINTER, A. , DELANEY, T. , VERNOOIJ, B. , MORSE, A. , FRIEDRICH, L. , NYE, G. , POTTER, S. , WARD, E. , and RYALS, J. (1993). Biological Induction of Systemic Acquired Resistance in Arabidopsis. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 6,692-698. 15) VERNOOIJ. B. , FRIEDRICH, L. , MORSE, A. , REIST, R. , KOLDITZ-JAWHAR, R. , WARD, E. , UKNES, S. , KESSMANN, H. , and RYALS, J. (1994). Salicylic Acid is not the Translocated Signal Responsible for Inducing Systemic Acquired Resistance but is Required in Signal Transduction. Plant Cell 6,959-965. .

Amelia Earhart Family Tree

Amelia Earhart Family Tree Back to Generations 1-3 Fourth Generation (Great-Grandparents of Amelia Earhart): 8. David EARHART was born in Dec 1789 in York, Pennsylvania. He died on 3 Jun 1848 in Leechburg, Armstrong County, PA and is buried in Oakdale Cemetery, Davenport, Iowa. David EARHART and Catherine ALTMANN were married on 3 Sep 1814 in Blacklick Township, Indiana County, Pennsylvania. 9. Catherine ALTMANN was born on 12 Jun 1789 in Pennsylvania. She died on 15 Mar 1870 in Davenport, Iowa. David EARHART and Catherine ALTMANN had the following children: i. Phillip EARHART was born on 28 Mar 1815 in Indiana County, Pennsylvania. He died on 24 Dec 1904.ii. John EARHART was born on 12 Sep 1816 in Indiana County.4 iii. Rev. David EARHARTiv. Henry EARHART was born on 3 May 1819 in Pennsylvania. He died on 9 Sep 1906.v. Lucy EARHART was born on 7 Feb 1821 in Indiana County. She died on 1 Jun 1907 in Atchison, Atchison County, Kansas.vi. Daniel EARHART was born on 14 Oct 1822 in Indiana County. He died on 13 Jul 1916 in Clinton, Ohio.vii. William EARHART was born on 3 Apr 1824 in Indiana County. He died on 10 Apr 1866.viii. Samuel EARHART was born on 7 Oct 1825 in Indiana County. He died on 27 Apr 1851 in Davenport, Iowa.ix. Joseph EARHART was born on 10 Mar 1827 in Indiana County, Pennsylvania.x. Mary EARHART was born on 6 Mar 1830 in Indiana County. She died on 16 Mar 1899.xi. Robert Nixon EARHART was born on 9 Apr 1833 in Indiana County. He died on 29 Jul 1907 in Davenport, Iowa. 10. John PATTON was born btw 22 July 1793 and 21 July 1794 in Indiana County, Pennsylvania.  He died on 21 Jul 1836 in Somerset, Somerset County, Pennsylvania  and is buried in Ankeny Square Burial Ground, Somerset.   11. Harriet WELLS was born between  9 Apr 1800 and 8 Apr 1801 in Somerset, Somerset County, Pennsylvania.  She died on 9 Apr 1890 in Somerset  and is buried in Ankeny Square Burial Ground, Somerset. John PATTON and Harriet WELLS were married and had the following children: 5 i. Mary Wells PATTON 12. Isaac OTIS was born on 26 Sep 1798 in Saratoga Springs, NY. He died of an accidental injury on 12 Mar 1853 near Prairieville, Barry County, Michigan. 13. Caroline Abigail CURTISS was born on 20 Aug 1808.  She died on 12 Mar 1883 in Kalamazoo, MI. Isaac OTIS and Caroline Abigail CURTISS were married in 1826 in Homer, Cortland County, New York and  had the following children: 6 i. Judge Alfred Gideon OTISii. Charles E. OTISiii. George L. OTISiv. Ephraim A. OTISv. Isaac Newton OTISvi. Stephen OTISvii. Mary OTISviii. Louise OTISix. Lilly OTISx. Curtiss OTISxi. Arthur OTIS 14. Gephard HARRES was born on 11 Jun 1801 in Brunswick, Lower Saxony, Germany. He died on 31 May 1863 in Atchison, Atchison County, Kansas  and is buried in 1863 in Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.   15. Maria GRACE  was born on 2 Aug 1797 in Germantown, Pennsylvania.  She died on 17 Sep 1896 in Atchison, Kansas. Gephard HARRES and Maria GRACE were married on 17 Oct 1824 in Philadelphia and  had the following children: 7 i. Amelia Josephine HARRESii. Elizabeth HARRESiii. George HARRESiv. Eliza HARRESv. John Henry HARRESvi. Charles Gebhard HARRESvii. Mary Ann HARRES was born on 29 May 1830 in Philadelphia, PA.  She died on 30 Apr 1909 in Atchison, Kansas.

Jews during emigration to three jewish songs Essay

Jews during emigration to three jewish songs - Essay Example In the letter to the editor there are four themes which are expressed by the writer which can also be found in the four Yiddish songs: the value of studying Torah; the value of returning to one's roots; the loneliness when one loses his love whether it be spiritual or a loved one and the fear of getting old and not being able to study . It must be noted that each of the songs deal with only part of the themes. The purpose of this paper is to present the themes of the songs in terms of the letter of the man who wanted to return to Lithuania to study. As children studying at their school does not compare to a 30 year old man, what they learn from studying is the same. Losing one's wife is difficult for everyone. No song deals with the anger that this man has. He is looking for peace and comfort of his soul. He knows he is getting old without a wife and a job, he has to prospects. The first Yiddish song chosen is Oyfn Pripetshik (Go My child, to cheder). He is looking for comfort by goi ng back to study. Studying also means reawakening. The man is trying to get rid of the evil in his life in America, the time spent in prison, the four years spent by himself. He is burdened from his life from exile. "From reading the Gemara, this will shield you from all evil" He already knows this but it will be in his home country. What the children learn in cheder help them understand the tears they shed in life's experience and the knowledge will comfort them because they will have the all that is needed to get them through the most difficult times in life. As the editor said perhaps he should return home to study Gemara and the rabbi will tell him to come back to the New Word. The song, Gey Mayn kind in cheder, says that he studying is the best profession in the world, he will be nourished and his soul will become resourced. He will have the security and honor what he is missing in life. The most difficult task for this man is to forgive what he has gone through and rely on the knowledge of his childhood. When you are tired of exile, get comfort in studying. The second song explains two major thoughts of this letter. His desire to go back to his roots and his desire to study gemara. He came to America with so much hope to start a new life and make something of himself. He gave up all his roots and his origins. He gave up study and the Sabbath, he stopped being religious. His life fell to the worst state when he was accused of having burnt up his property. Four years after his prison term, Vos Geven Iz Un Nito, written in 1926 by the American Meyerowitz, talked about getting old. "I suffer from a disease†¦They call it old age". Our man is 30 years old. He does not have a family and considers it too late. It was most interesting in the last stanza where the lyrics "when I chance to pass by a school, I weep tears". He goes on to say that the young do not realize what a chance they have to study and when they do it is already too late. He feels this way on his own with no prospect for the future. In Frieling translated as Springtime, it is a man who has lost his love, and has no more purpose in his life. Kaczerginski wrote this song to memorialize his wife in 1943. Much of the song talks about walking thru the ghetto. Our man lived in a naive ghetto thinking his wife was good and kind. He sees his barricaded house, he sees how destroyed it has become. This was after the ghetto has been liquidated. It can also be a metaphor for how the poet felt after his wife was murdered. This song parallels the life of our man. He needs the spring light to come back into his life and to give him hope. If it is a metaphor for his life, he is looking for a solution to his sorrow; Springtime will give him a reason to see an answer to find a solution to what his wife did to him. Springtime brings the flowers out. He can possibly find a way of forgiving her with the change of seasons from the harsh winter to the optimism of the sunshine and the flower s. Though he will not forget, he can pardon. and plotted against him. When he writes the